Abstract
Objectives
Methods
Results
Conclusions and implications
Keywords
Introduction
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits/facts.html, accessed December 4, 2020.
- Krause P.R.
- Fleming T.R.
- Longini I.M.
- et al.
Placebo-controlled trials of covid-19 vaccines - why we still need them.
Reinfections are exceptional
Findings from Investigation and Analysis of Re-positive Cases.
- Arafkas M.
- Khosrawipour T.
- Kocbach P.
- et al.
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html, accessed December 24, 2020.
https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/immunity-passports-in-the-context-of-covid-19, accessed December 2, 2020.
SARS-CoV-2 displays low genetic variability
Genomic epidemiology of hCoV-19. https://www.gisaid.org/. (as updated by Nextstrain, https://nextstrain.org/, Hatfield et al Bioinformatics), accessed December 24, 2020.

- To K.K.
- Hung I.F.
- Ip J.D.
- et al.
- Lee J.S.
- Kim S.Y.
- Kim T.S.
- et al.
- Zehender G.
- Lai A.
- Bergna A.
- et al.
- Mueller N.F.
- Wagner C.
- Frazar C.D.
- et al.
- Zhou B.
- Thao T.T.N.
- Hoffmann D.
- et al.
- Klumpp-Thomas C.
- Kalish H.
- Hicks J.
- et al.
- Turakhia Y.
- De Maio N.
- Thornlow B.
- et al.
Antibodies are short-lived
- Del Fante C.
- Franchini M.
- Baldanti F.
- et al.
- Self W.H.
- Tenforde M.W.
- Stubblefield W.B.
- et al.
Decline in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after mild infection among frontline health care personnel in a multistate hospital network - 12 states, april-august 2020.
- Lei Q.
- Li Y.
- Hou H.Y.
- et al.
- Isho B.
- Abe K.T.
- Zuo M.
- et al.
Genomic epidemiology of hCoV-19. https://www.gisaid.org/. (as updated by Nextstrain, https://nextstrain.org/, Hatfield et al Bioinformatics), accessed December 24, 2020.
- Del Fante C.
- Franchini M.
- Baldanti F.
- et al.
Robust and persistent
- Dan J.M.
- Mateus J.
- Kato Y.
- et al.

- Dan J.M.
- Mateus J.
- Kato Y.
- et al.
- Sherina N.
- Piralla A.
- Du L.
- et al.
Our comment
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2015/06-07/vaccines/, accessed December 2, 2020.
- Dan J.M.
- Mateus J.
- Kato Y.
- et al.
Practical consequences

- a.Will a medical asseveration of infection be enough for a certification of immunity? Along the current CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices indications, for infectious diseases such as chickenpox, a diagnosis witnessed by a health-care provider constitutes evidence of immunity; in these cases, there is no need of chickenpox immunization.52
- Marin M.
- Güris D.
- Chaves S.S.
- Schmid S.
- Seward J.F.
Advisory committee on immunization practices, Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP).MMWR Recomm Rep (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep). 2007; 56: 1-40 - b.As diagnosis in this case cannot disregard the evidence of a passage of the virus at the oropharyngeal level and/or the presence of circulating specific antibodies, which is the reliability of current diagnostic tests? Which are the most appropriate to indicate a former infection?
- c.Does SARS-CoV-2 infection confer sterilizing immunity at least to the specific viral strain? This is of great importance in view of the future epidemic scenarios.53
Cons:
|
Pros:
|
Author contribution
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Consent for publication
Availability of data and materials
Funding
Declaration of competing interest
References
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits/facts.html, accessed December 4, 2020.
- When will we have a vaccine?" - understanding questions and answers about covid-19 vaccination.N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3; 383: 2202-2204
- Placebo-controlled trials of covid-19 vaccines - why we still need them.N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 14; 384 (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33264543): e2https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2033538
- SARSCoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques.Science. 2020; 369: 812-817
- Durability of neutralizing antibodies and T-cell response post SARS-CoV-2 infection.Front Med. 2020; 14: 746-751https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0822-5
- Findings from Investigation and Analysis of Re-positive Cases.2020 (Available at:)http://www.cdc.go.krDate accessed: December 2, 2020
- False negative of RT-PCR and prolonged nucleic acid conversion in COVID-19: rather than recurrence.J Med Virol. 2020; 92: 1755-1756https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25855
- Current meta-analysis does not support the possibility of COVID-19 reinfections.J Med Virol. 2020 Sep 8; (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32897549)https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26496
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html, accessed December 24, 2020.
- What reinfections mean for COVID-19.Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; 21: 3-5
https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/immunity-passports-in-the-context-of-covid-19, accessed December 2, 2020.
https://is.cdc.go.kr/upload_comm/syview/doc.html?fn=158993708884700.pdf&rs=/upload_comm/docu/0030/, accessed December 7, 2020.
- Viral RNA level, serum antibody responses, and transmission risk in recovered COVID-19 patients with recurrent positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA test results: a population-based observational cohort study.Emerg Microbes Inf. 2020 Dec; 9: 2368-2378
- The behaviour of recent isolates of human respiratory coronavirus in vitro and in volunteers: evidence of heterogeneity among 229E-related strains.J Med Virol. 1984; 13: 179-192
Genomic epidemiology of hCoV-19. https://www.gisaid.org/. (as updated by Nextstrain, https://nextstrain.org/, Hatfield et al Bioinformatics), accessed December 24, 2020.
https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563, accessed January 16, 2020.
https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586, accessed January 16, 2020.
- Moderate mutation rate in the SARS coronavirus genome and its implications.BMC Evol Biol. 2004 06 28; 4: 21
- Viral mutation rates.J Virol. 2010; 84: 9733-9748
- Discovery of an RNA virus 3 35 exoribonuclease that is critically involved in coronavirus RNA synthesis.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006; 103: 5108-5113
- COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing.Clin Infect Dis. 2020; (ciaa1275. Epub ahead of print)https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1275
- Evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfection after recovery from mild coronavirus disease 2019.Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 21; (ciaa1421. Epub ahead of print)https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1421
- Genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-COV-2 in Italy.J Med Virol. 2020 Mar 29; (Epub ahead of print)https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25794
- Viral genomes reveal patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Washington State.medRxiv. 2020; Preprinthttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.30.20204230
- SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G variant confers enhanced replication and transmissibility.bioRxiv. 2020; Preprinthttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.357558
- D614G spike variant does not alter IgG, IgM, or IgA spike seroassay performance.J Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 1; (Epub ahead of print)https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa743
- Stability of SARS-CoV-2 phylogenies.PLoS Genet. 2020 Nov 18; 16 (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33206635)e1009175https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009175
- Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.Nat Med. 2020; 26: 845-848
- A retrospective study assessing the characteristics of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors and donations.Transfusion. 2020 Nov 24; (Epub ahead of print)https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.16208
- Disappearance of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a -COVID-19 patient after recovery.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 26: 1703-1705
- Decline in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after mild infection among frontline health care personnel in a multistate hospital network - 12 states, april-august 2020.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Nov 27; 69: 1762-1766https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6947a2.PMID:33237893
- Antibody dynamics to SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic COVID-19 infections.Allergy. 2020 Oct 10; (Epub ahead of print)https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14622
- Rapid decay of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in persons with mild covid-19.N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 10; 383: 1085-1087
- Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients.Sci Immunol. 2020 Oct 8; 5 (PMID: 33033173)eabe5511https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5511
https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-reinfection-explainer/explainer-coronavirus-reappears-in-discharged-patients-raising-questions-in-containment-fight-idUKKCN20M124, accessed November 26 2020.
- Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 serological assays enable surveillance of low-prevalence communities and reveal durable humoral immunity.Immunity. 2020 Nov 17; 53: 925-933
- Comparative analyses of SARS-CoV-2 binding (IgG, IgM, IgA) and neutralizing antibodies from human serum samples.J Immunol Methods. 2020 Nov 27; : 112937
- Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.Nat Microbiol. 2020 Dec; 5: 1598-1607
- Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors.Nature. 2008; 455: 532-536
- Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals.Nature. 2020; 584: 437-442
- Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19.Cell. 2020; 183: 158-168
- Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for greater than six months after infection.Science. 2021 Feb 5; 371 (Epub 2021 Jan 6. PMID: 33408181): eabf4063https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf4063
- Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 specific B- and T-cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 patients 6-8 months after the infection.bioRxiv. 2020; Preprinthttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.06.371617
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2015/06-07/vaccines/, accessed December 2, 2020.
- Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: let's stick to known knowns.J Immunol. 2020; 205: 2342-2350
- Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19.Allergy. 2020; 75: 1564-1581
- Induction of mucosal immunity through systemic immunization: phantom or reality?.Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2016; 12: 1070-1079
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development.Nature. 2020 Oct; 586: 516-527
- Ten reasons why immunity passports are a bad idea.Nature. 2020; 581: 379-381
- A new form of irritant rhinitis to filtering facepiece particle (FFP) masks (FFP2/N95/KN95 respirators) during COVID-19 pandemic.World Allergy Organ J. 2020 Oct; 13: 100474
- Venom immunotherapy during COVID-19 pandemic: experience from a university allergy center in northern Italy.World Allergy Organ J. 2020 Dec; 13: 100489
- Advisory committee on immunization practices, Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP).MMWR Recomm Rep (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep). 2007; 56: 1-40
- Will SARS-CoV-2 become endemic?.Science. 2020 Oct 30; 370: 527-529
Article info
Publication history
Identification
Copyright
User license
Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
Permitted
For non-commercial purposes:
- Read, print & download
- Redistribute or republish the final article
- Text & data mine
- Translate the article (private use only, not for distribution)
- Reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works
Not Permitted
- Sell or re-use for commercial purposes
- Distribute translations or adaptations of the article
Elsevier's open access license policy